Start Embedded system

Start Embedded Systems

            IT Industries have the market for making Ideas to products. The Ideas with best innovation and cheapest solutions have a good market. Obviously, when we say about the cheapest, we remember the china market very well. In the recent years, Training schools are started for small kids for building a knowledge on robotics and embedded systems. In a certain thing people might ask, Is embedded is such simple that even kids can be able to program it? Yes, IT market is providing user-friendly level of programming and releasing user-friendly modules which directly gives you an input to output results. The only thing you need to do is, plug it directly and design those thing with respect your application requirement.

            Description covers the following Steps:

1.      Learning program

2.      Hardware

3.      Boards

4.      Modules

5.      Technology Variations

6.      Future Technology

            What program? Every controller/processor board what you take will have a different programming style, the base of all the programming is C programming. Learn C programming, If you know C programming you will be able to know almost all the syntax structure of all the application programming.

            Which Board? There are many types of boards which are available in the market. Depending on the application people are preferred to choose the board but for the start of user-friendly programming most of the IT software people are preferring Arduino boards. Arduino is provided with all the required shields, with all the example code for shield connections. (Shield- Shield is compatible with arduino which consists of the required module allocated on it). There is another board called Raspberry Pi, which is designed for kids application and now which is making a new trend and innovations in IT industries.

            Apart from user-friendly programming, there are architecture level programming the embedded system is started with. The based architecture which the controller has started with 8051 architecture. Even now this controllers are available manufactures by different companies like Atmel(AT89C51), Texas etc., In engineering, people start with the architecture of 8051 programming. Later the releases of architectural level programming are from RISC Architecture, ARM and AVR series. Arduino is a part of AVR architecture programming made to user-friendly.

            If the board is first time for a user, a user try to start with a blinking LED program for glowing on and off for 1 second and start to control an LED with a switch. Later try to use the sensors interfacing with the controller each at a time. After checking all the sensors working later try to interface sensors one by one with respect to application. Modules are designed and communicated with certain protocols (set of rules). Configuring the program to enable and send the data with the library to make the module works.

            Technology goes and goes start from a diode to the microprocessor/microcontroller and to leading never ending applications. Considering a small diode, people have made multiple applications with it, later, transistor applications became increased and it goes with ICs. This goes by joining one technology with the other technology. Example, you have a microcontroller and you know graphics joins to make an applications like play station, virtual robot control, etc., similarly every technology if you join with the other technology it creates a multiple applications. Technology of embedded system that you can start from microcontroller, LCD Display, GSM, GPS, Ethernet, graphical LCD display, interfacing it with Linux, now the present trend is Internet of Thing(IoT). If we see this list, controller is interfaced with all the platform like, VLSI, DSP, DIP, navigation, communication, networks, software, OS and everything. Embedded system always creates a connectivity between all the platforms. Trying to connect this platform one with each other to making an application makes an expertise in embedded system.

            Recent articles says virtual reality, artificial intelligence, holographic communication and much more platform people are working to make a connectivity. As we know already 3D printers are available, now people are working on 3D visualization, holographic video transmission and holographic control rules the next generations.

Types of Reversible Logic Gates

Reversible Logic Gates

Reversible Logic Gates are majorly used to retrieve the input from the outputs. The best and basic example for the reversible logic gate is the NOT Gate. The output of the NOT Gate is the inversion of the input. For retrieving the input from the output of the NOT Gate, we will use the other NOT Gate to it.

Key points: Input of the output can only be retrieved with the same reversible logic gate.

There are couple of standard reversible logic gates which are listed below

·        Feynman Gate

·        Fredkin Gate

·        Toffoli Gate

·        Peres Gates

·        TS-3

·        TSG

·        MTSG

The Inputs and output of all the standard reversible logic gates are given below.

  1. Feynman Gate:

·        The output of Feynman Gate is simple XOR Gate operation and the other output is for maintained for the reversibility.

  2. Fredkin Gate:

·        The output of Fredkin Gate is the operation of multiplexer in with the first input as a status line.

  3. Toffoli Gate:

·     The 3^rd output of Toffoli Gate can be used for two operation one as an AND gate if the last input is made to be ‘0’ and another as an XOR gate when the last input made ‘1’.

  4. Peres Gate:

·    The output of peres gate is a combination of both Feynman and Toffoli Gate. If there is requirement of both Feynman and Toffoli Gate we can directly use peres gate.

·        Another way to use Peres Gate is like Reversible Half-adder circuit, if the third input is made to logic ‘0’.

  5.     TS-3 Gate:

·        The last output of the TS-3 Gate is XOR operation of all the three inputs. Remaining two outputs are for maintaining reversibility.

  6.     TSG Gate:

·   TSG Gate is a standardized Gate which can be used for multiple operations.

  7.     MTSG Gate

·        MTSG Gate is the extension of TSG Gate.

·        Most probably the MTSG Gate is used to design a Reversible Full adder circuit.

Each and every gate have their own advantages. For making a logic design we can even join the gates for making reversibility. Consider an example for designing a reversible logic design, For retrieving the input from the output of the reversible logic, we need to reorder the design in the reverse manner for extracting the inputs. In the example, consider A is some 2 input reversible logic gate (like., Feynman Gate), B is some three input reversible logic gate (like., Toffoli Gate/Fredkin/..) and C is a some four input logic gate (the order of A,B,C in a design can be given in any manner). For retrieving the inputs, the order of the reversible logic gates is should be exactly reverse with respect to the design.